POLITICAL ACTIVISM: NEW CHALLENGES, NEW OPPORTUNITIES

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POLITICAL ACTIVISM: NEW CHALLENGES, NEW OPPORTUNITIES 

Research on political activism compares the ways that citizens participate, the processes that lead them to do so, and the consequences of these acts. The standard paradigm was established in earlier decades by the seminal works in the social psychological tradition: Almond and Verba (1963)1, Verba and Nie (1972)2, Verba, Nie, and Kim (1978), and Barnes and Kaase (1979).3 Much empirical work comparing patterns of political participation during the 1980s tended to reXect the basic theoretical framework and predominant surveybased approach developed in earlier decades; for example, Parry, Moyser, and Day replicated their approach and core Wndings in Britain (1992). During the 1990s, however, several major areas can be identiWed where scholars have made signiWcant advances. In the process, some of the core assumptions about the importance of individual resources and cultural attitudes made by the standard social psychological

model have been subject to major reWnement, or even wholesale revision. It is impossible to provide a comprehensive review of the rapidly expanding literature in the space of a short chapter, and others provide overviews of the American 

1 See also Almond and Verba 1980.
2 See also Verba, Schlozman, and Brady 1995; Burns, Schlozman, and Verba 2001.
3 See also Marsh 1977; Jennings and van Deth 1989; Adrian and Apter 1995.

Boix & Stokes: The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics Boix&stokes-chap26 Page Proof page 628 12.1.2007 11:48pm Compositor Name: SSivasankaranliterature, but here we can highlight selected developments in comparative politics and consider their implications.4 This overview highlights four key themes which have emerged during the last decade, including (i) growing recognition of the importance of the institutional context of formal rules for electoral turnout; (ii) the widespread erosion of party membership in established democracies and questions about its consequences; (iii) the substantial revival of interest in voluntary associations and social trust spurred by theories of social capital; and lastly (iv) the expansion of diverse forms of cause-oriented types of activism, including the spread of demonstrations and protests, consumer politics, professional interest groups, and more diVuse new social movements and transnational advocacy networks. After brieXy illustrating some of the literature which has developed around these themes, the chapter concludes by considering the challenges for the future research agenda in comparative politics. 

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